Prilog raspravi o prirodi političkog sistema EU: Evropska unija kao konsenzus demokratija
Keywords:
konsenzus, demokratija, politički sistem, Evropska unija, institucije, politizacijaAbstract
U radu*** se razmatra priroda Evropske unije kao političkog sistema konsenzualnog tipa koristeći se teorijskim modelom Arenda Lajpharta (Arendt Lijphart). Autorka tvrdi da je na Lajphartovoj skali između većinske i konsenzus demokratije Evropska unija bliža ovoj drugoj. Kao složena, hibridna, nedovršena politička zajednica, Evropska unija se izučavala unutar različitih disciplina (međunarodnih odnosa, prava i studija međunarodnih organizacija, političkih nauka, sociologije…) i različitih teorijskih pristupa (racionalističkog, konstruktivističkog, realističkog, (neo)funkcionalističkog…). Oni su na različite načine objašnjavali njenu prirodu i opisivali različite aspekte njenog delovanja. Jednom kada je izašla iz nedovoljnog okvira međunarodne tvorevine ili organizacije, i kada je postalo jasno da se EU može posmatrati kao politički sistem, otvoreno je i pitanje demokratije unutar njega. Predlozi za rešavanje primećenog demokratskog deficita bili su različiti, ali mahom po ugledu na demokratije u nacionalnim državama, pa i one većinske/vestminsterske. Nasuprot tome, i uzimajući u obzir sve specifičnosti Evropske unije, autorka najpre detaljno analizira i primenjuje sve elemente Lajphartovog modela konsenzualne demokratije na EU. U tekstu se objašnjava zašto je ovakvo razumevanje EU superiorno u odnosu na konkurentske pristupe ne samo za ocenu stvarne veličine demokratskog deficita, nego i za moguće recepte za njegovo prevazilaženje.
References
[1] Bache, Ian, Stephen George, and Simon Bulmer, Politics in the European Union, Oxford University Press, 2011.
[2] Chang, Michele, “The Creeping Competence of the European Central Bank During the Euro Crisis”, Credit and Capital Markets, Volume 51, Issue 1, pp. 41–53.
[3] Church, Clive and David Phinnemore, “From the Constitutional Treaty to the Treaty of Lisbon and Beyond”, in: Michelle Cini and Dr Nieves Perez-Solorzano Borragan (Eds.), European Union Politics, 2019, pp. 41–56.
[4] “Consolidated Versions of the Treaty on European Union and the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union”, Official Journal of the European Union, OJ C 202, 7.6.2016.
[5] Diez, Thomas and Antje Wiener, “Introducing the Mosaic of Integration Theory”, in: Antje Wiener and Thomas Diez (Eds.), European Integration Theory, Oxford University Press, 2009, pp. 1–22.
[6] Grimm, Dieter, “Does Europe Need a Constitution?”, European Law Journal, 1, 1995, pp. 282–302.
[7] Hix, Simon, The Political System of the European Union, Palgrave, 1999.
[8] Hix, Simon, What’s wrong with the European Union and how to fix it, Polity Press, 2008.
[9] Hix, Simon and Stefano Bartolini, “Politics: The Right or the Wrong Sort of Medicine for the EU?”, Notre Europe, Policy paper No. 19, p. 3. Available from: https://institutdelors.eu/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/policypaper19-en-1.pdf, (Accessed March 20, 2024).
[10] Lijphart, Arend, “Democratic Political Systems: Types, Cases, Causes and Consequences”, Journal of Theoretical Politics, 1, 1, 1989, pp. 33–48.
[11] Lijphart, Arend, Patterns of Democracy: Government Forms and Performance in Thirty-Six Countries, second edition, Yale University Press, New Haven & London, 2012.
[12] Marks, Gary, “Structural Policy and Multilevel Governance in the EC”, in: Alan W. Cafruny and Glenda G. Rosenthal (Eds.), The State of the European Community, Vol. 2: The Maastricht Debates and Beyond, Boulder, CO and Harlow, Lynne Rienner and Longman, pp. 391–410.
[13] Marks, Gary, Hooghe, Lisbet, and Blank, Kermit, “European Integration from the 1980s: State-Centric v. Multi-level Governance”, Journal of Common Market Studies, 34, 1996, pp. 341–378.
[14] Piris, Jean-Claude, Does the European Union have a Constitution? Does it need one?, Harvard Jean Monnet Working Paper 5/00, Harvard Law School, Cambridge, 2000. Available from: https://jeanmonnetprogram.org/archive/papers/00/000501.html (Accessed March 26, 2024).
[15] Pollack, Mark A. “Theorizing EU Policy-Making”, in: Helen Wallace, Mark A. Pollack and Alasdair R. Young (Eds.), Policy-Making in the European Union, Oxford University Press, 2015, pp. 12-45.
[16] Radić Milosavljević, Ivana, „Izbori za Evropski parlament u vreme krize: šta je drugačije ovog puta?”, Godišnjak, godina IX, broj 13, jun 2015, Univerzitet u Beogradu – Fakultet političkih nauka, Beograd, str. 45–62.
[17] Radić Milosavljević, Ivana, Evropska unija u procesu politizacije, doktorska teza, Univerzitet u Beogradu – Fakultet političkih nauka, Beograd; https://nardus.mpn.gov.rs/handle/123456789/10105.
[18] Radić Milosavljević, Ivana i Ivan Milovanović, „Izbori za Evropski parlament: od nacionalnih izbora drugog reda do evropeizovanog drugorazrednog takmičenja”, Godišnjak, godina XIII, Spec. broj, decembar 2019, Univerzitet u Beogradu – Fakultet političkih nauka, Beograd, str. 55–73.
[19] Rhodes, Martin, “Employment Policy: Between Efficacy and Experimentation”, in: Helen Wallace, Mark A. Pollack and Alasdair R. Young (Eds.), Policy-Making in the European Union, Oxford University Press, 2015, pp. 293–318.
[20] Samardžić, Slobodan, Politički sistem Evropske unije: Teorija – Institucije – Proces odlučivanja – Politički život, Službeni glasnik i Fakultet političkih nauka, Beograd, 2022.
[21] Stein, Eric, “Lawyers, Judges, and the Making of a Transnational Constitution”, The American Journal of International Law, Vol. 75, No. 1 (Jan., 1981), pp. 1–27.
[22] Sternberg, Claudia, Kira Gartzou-Katsouyanni, Kalypso Nicolaïdis, The Greco- -German Affair in the Euro Crisis, Palgrave Studies in European Union Politics. Palgrave Pivot, London, 2018.
[23] Transparency Register, European Union, Available from: https://ec.europa.eu/transparencyregister/public/homePage.do, (Accessed March 15, 2024).
[24] Tuori, Kaarlo, “European Constitutionalism” in: Roger Masterman and Robert Schütze (Eds.), The Cambridge Companion to Comparative Constitutional Law, Cambridge University Press 2019, pp. 521–553.
[25] Vučićević, Dušan, „Od konsocijativne do demokratije sa podeljenom vlašću: Lajphartova teorijska konceptualizacija”, Srpska politička misao, broj 1/2011, god. 18, Vol. 31, str. 75–96.
[26] Young, Alasdair R., “The European Policy Process in Comparative Perspective”, in: Helen Wallace, Mark A. Pollack and Alasdair R. Young (Eds.), Policy-Making in the European Union, Oxford University Press, 2015, pp. 46–71.
[27] Zilioli, Chiara, “The Independence of the European Central Bank and Its New Banking Supervisory Competences”, in: Dominique Ritleng (Ed.), Independence and Legitimacy in the Institutional System of the European Union (Collected Courses of the Academy of European Law), Oxford University Press, 2016, pp. 125–179.
